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Standardized variables (Wright’s rules) n <- 10^5 # z is the common cause of g1 and g2 z <- rnorm(n) # effects of z on g1 and g2 b1 <- 0.7 b2 <- 0.7 r12 <- b1*b2 g1 <- b1*z + sqrt(1-b1^2)*rnorm(n) g2 <- b2*z + sqrt(1-b2^2)*rnorm(n) var(g1) # E(VAR(g1)) = 1 ## [1] 1.001849 var(g2) # E(VAR(g2)) = 1 ## [1] 1.006102 cor(g1, g2) # E(COR(g1,g2)) = b1*b2 ## [1] 0.
